Jan

Concussion Basics

Concussion basics

A concussion is a brain injury...and all brain injuries are serious.

Definition: A concussion or mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) is a pathophysiological process affecting the brain induced by direct or indirect biomechanical forces.¹

Common features include the following:

- Rapid onset of usually short-lived neurological impairment, which typically resolves spontaneously

- Acute clinical symptoms that usually reflect a functional disturbance rather than a structural injury

- A range of clinical symptoms that may or may not involove loss of consciousness (LOC)

- Routine neuroimaging studies are typically normal

A concussion can be caused by a blow to the head, a jolt to the body, or any sudden force that results in a rapid acceleration/deceleration of the brain inside the skull. Made up of a soft tofu-like substance, the impact of the brain against the rigid inside walls of the skull can cause a change in neurological function and a host of other symptoms.

The terms "ding" or "bell rung" minimize concussions. While most do heal within a few weeks, an athlete who returns to play before a concussion has completely resolved risks re-injuring an already injured brain, which can have catastrophic consequences. Although rare, adolescents seem most vulnerable to rapid brain swelling known as second impact syndrome which can be fatal. Additionally, multiple concussions suffered prior to complete resolution of a previous injury can result in prolonged symptoms lasting weeks, months, or years. Know how to minimize the risk of a complicated recovery if you suspect a concussion.

Signs/Symptoms

There are a number of signs/symptoms that indicate a concussion may have occurred. Although headache is commonly reported, not all athletes who suffer concussions will experience the same set of symptoms. Symptoms may not appear for hours or days after the injury. Learn more...

When to seek medical care

Not long ago an athlete may have sat out for a play or two after having their "bell rung." But as the science has evolved, it has become very evident that all athletes who suffer concussions should consult a medical professional trained in the diagnosis and management of concussion. Most state concussion laws require written medical authorization before an athlete can return to play.

When to call 911

Most concussions resolve within a few days or weeks, and emergency help is required in very few instances. However, if a concussion is suspected, it is important to observe the athlete carefully until they have been cleared to return to unrestricted physical and cognitive activity by a medical professional. If any of the following signs/symptoms appear at any time, call for emergency help immediately^2:

•headaches that worsen

•seizures

•neck pain

•very drowsy, can't be awakened

•repeated vomiting

•increasing confusion or irritability

•weakness, numbness in arms and legs

•unable to recognize people/places, less responsive than usual

If you observe any of the above signs, call your doctor or go to the emergency room immediately.

Source:

1) "Concussion (Mild Traumatic Brain Injury) and the Team Physician: A Consensus Statement--2011 Update." Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 43.12 (2011): 2412-422. Print.

2) Children's National Medical Center, Washington DC

Concussion Basics