"Short term memory's not good," Jim McMahon, former Chicago Bears quarterback and two-time Super Bowl champion tells ESPN. "I won't remember a lot about this interview in about 10 minutes." McMahon and his girlfriend give a rare look inside the daily struggles he says were a result of repeated blows to the head incurred during his 15-year NFL career. McMahon and hundreds of other former NFL players are suing the league for allegedly concealing information about the risk of concussions. ESPN Outside the Lines -- Taking Its Toll (8:12)(video) The 52-year-old McMahon says he suffered three documented concussions during his career, impacts significant enough that he was unaware of his surroundings. Now he has good days and bad days according to his girlfriend, Laurie Navon, who has programmed the GPS in his car with their home address in case he gets lost. He repeatedly purchases the same books on his e-reader. The Chicago Bears selected McMahon in the first-round of the 1982 NFL Draft where he won the starting quarterback position as a rookie. McMahon led the Bears to a Super Bowl victory in 1985, where he became the first quarterback in the championship's history to rush for two touchdowns. He returned to win the Super Bowl a second time as a Green Bay Packer in 1996. On Oct. 12, 1988 the Chicago Tribune reported that McMahon had been evaluated by an athletic trainer on the sideline who said, "He had a concussion, but it cleared by halftime." The NFL has much stricter policies and standards regarding head injury today, as more information on concussions has become available. Source: ESPN: Outside the Lines -- Taking Its Toll March 18, 2012 Questions/comments? contact Jean Rickerson at jean@SportsConcussions.org

SEQUIM, Wash. -- Battle-tested and a little weary from last fall’s high school football season, Travis Anderson, an experienced EMT and paramedic John Riley, understand the nuances of concussions. Athletes who — if they are conscious – say they are ‘fine,’ coaches who may not be sure an athlete needs medical attention, and parents told by ER staff that rest is the prescription for recovery, trying to make sense of the mountain of hospital medical bills. They’ve seen it all, and it’s not easy. First responders like Anderson and Riley from Clallam County Fire District #3 in Sequim, Wash., are a luxury for school districts around the country. Part of a crew made up of paid staff and volunteers, they wait in the corners until given the signal by a coach or referee, or a player goes down and stays there. Like other on-field personnel they can’t see every impact and don’t always know if an athlete is deteriorating on the bench after a big hit. They depend on an educated coaching staff and fellow teammates for their cues. Anderson said,”We’d like to be called sooner rather than later. If there’s any question, especially with a suspected concussion, call us.” Too little care Only about 42 percent of high schools nationally employ athletic trainers, a dismal number in the eyes of many concussion experts who continue to advise against any school district or private organization offering contact sports without proper sideline medical care. Given the budget crises facing many school districts, it is not surprising so few heed this advice. But the challenges in rural areas are even greater. Long distances separate football fields from hospitals and fire stations can serve several high schools. Resources are simply too lean. Many sports-related concussions “Our fire department provides sideline staff for high school football games, and as many junior varsity games as we can. We consider it part of our community service effort and quite frankly, we feel strongly about protecting our student-athletes and their futures,” said District #3’s Fire Chief, Steve Vogel. His first responders have been on the sidelines at Sequim School District's games since 1982. Chief Vogel’s staff has a long history dealing with sports concussions. Former Sequim football player Adrien Gault suffered a catastrophic brain injury during a game in 2006 and was airlifted to a Seattle trauma center where doctors gave him a four-percent chance of survival. He continues to work through his recovery. This past fall, a Sequim student suffered a brain aneurysm during a Friday afternoon PE class and died a few days later. That same Friday there were six significant concussions on the football field a few hundred yards away, said a well-informed source, turning the field into a war zone. Fire District #3 was there for it all. “There were more concussions during that one game than I’ve seen in my entire career, including my time as a running back in high school,” said Anderson. “It was a rarity.” Neither he nor Riley, who played tight end in high school remember suffering concussions during their football careers. They believe they’re seeing so many due to increased awareness trickling down from the NFL. Anderson said, “I think the attention on the concussion issue in the NFL is having an affect on all levels of the game, all the way down to the youngest players.” Emergency Medical Services for Children (EMSC) Guidelines and training for first responders come in the form of online education modules and concussion-related drills practiced several times a year. Soon-to-be-released state protocols developed by emergency room physicians, critical care nurses, EMTs, and others who make up the state committee of the federal Emergency Medical Services for Children program include a sports-concussion guide for first responders. Upon distribution, this document will provide a handy reference for those who attend youth and high school athletic events. “The Emergency Medical Services for Children (EMSC) program works to ensure proper pediatric care is available on ambulances and in hospital emergency departments nationwide,” said Ian Weston, Co-Director of the EMSC program headquartered in suburban Wash. D.C. “Emergency care providers are integral in ensuring our children get the right care when it counts.” When to call 911 Concussion symptoms can be subtle and may not appear right away, leaving room for mistakes to be made if athletes are not properly monitored when a concussion is suspected. The following are symptoms that require a call for emergency evaluation: •headaches that worsen •seizures •neck pain •very drowsy, can't be awakened •repeated vomiting •increasing confusion or irritability •weakness, numbness in arms and legs •unable to recognize people/places, less responsive than usual For more information see Should we call 911?, signs and symptoms Photo: (L) John Riley (firefighter/paramedic); (R) Travis Anderson (firefighter/EMT) Questions/comments? contact Jean Rickerson at jean@SportsConcussions.org

While involvement in school sports is probably one of the healthiest things, physically and mentally, your child can do, the pressure to play harder and practice longer brings an increased risk of head injury. Medical, sports and school communities are all taking a serious new look at how to treat concussions caused by a hit to, or shaking of, the head. Falls during equestrian, cheerleading and gymnastics events are producing concussions at an increasing rate, along with the more obvious contact sports like football and soccer. "A concussion is a type of traumatic brain injury (or TBI) and it is similar to a stroke in that both affect normal brain function and may have similar symptoms," explained Neurologist Frederick Nahm, MD, PhD, and head of the Stroke Center at Greenwich Hospital in Greenwich, Connecticut. Immediate symptoms may include confusion, disorientation and sometimes falling unconscious. Ignoring these symptoms is outright dangerous. "During a game, your adrenaline is going and you're pumped up, so it's easy to brush it off. But whether you bump your head during sports, a car accident, a fall or during military activity, it may not be until that night or a few days later that you get a headache or start to feel dizzy or nauseous," Nahm added. "The most important thing with a head injury, if you feel as though you're having symptoms you have to tell someone and seek evaluation. Taking time to heal makes a lifetime of difference Getting a 14-year-old to take it easy, to stop using the computer, to stop texting, is not easy, but it's very important to get that teenager to understand what happened. Parents need to be involved to get the injured child engaged by allowing the brain to rest as part of the healing process. Dr. Nahm points out that, "a thorough treatment plan focuses on the emotional, psychological, and behavioral issues that can arise following even a mild brain injury." Without proper healing, a student who never worried may develop anxiety about performance at school, and may find that no matter how much effort they put into it, they can't manage to hold the grade point average they had prior to injury. "These secondary complications, like anxiety disorders or a new phobia of tests, memory problems, depression, apathy, inattention and other behaviors are indelible and can be difficult to treat. It's not something the student can control or work harder to 'fix' because It's the result of an injured brain. Only a physician trained in the treatment of concussion or traumatic brain injury (typically a neurologist or neuropsychologist) can do a thorough assessment for a severe brain injury," said Dr. Nahm. Returning to normal activity without proper healing creates an increased risk of second impact syndrome; repeated head injury, especially injury before total healing has occurred, carries a far more serious threat to long-term complications. If you bang your head, take it seriously, tell someone, and even if you have no immediate symptoms, take the time for an evaluation. Photo: Courtesy College of William and Mary/ (C) Creative Commons Story Source: Science Daily: https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2012/09/120912093159.htm The above story is reprinted from materials provided by Greenwich Hospital. Questions/comments? Contact Jean Rickerson at jean@sportsconcussions.org

It is not yet known why girls suffer concussions at a higher rate than boys. The most prevalent theories range from lesser neck and upper body strength, to better reporting among females, to hormonal differences. Researchers at Emory University in Atlanta are currently in the third phase of a clinical trial designed to determine if the hormone progesterone, normally associated with female reproductive processes, can protect damaged neurons. Administered within four hours of the injury and lasting for three days, results of the treatment have been positive so far. Although catastrophic injuries in sports are rare, the question regarding applicability of a related treatment for concussion remains open. Pilot study highlighted efficacy Every 15 seconds, someone in the United States sustains a significant traumatic brain injury. Approximately 2 million adults and children in the United States suffer from traumatic brain injuries each year - leading to 50,000 deaths and 80,000 new cases of long-term disability, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Despite the enormity of the problem, scientists have failed to identify effective medications to improve outcomes following a traumatic brain injury. Emory researchers, however, concluded in an earlier pilot clinical trial that giving progesterone to trauma victims shortly following brain injury appears to be safe and may reduce the risk of death and long-term disability. Their previous three-year study, called ProTECT I (Progesterone for Traumatic brain injury--Experimental Clinical Treatment), enrolled 100 participants at Grady Memorial Hospital. It was designed to evaluate whether progesterone can be administered intravenously in a safe and reliable way. "We found evidence that progesterone is not only safe for use in patients suffering from traumatic brain injuries," says Wright. "We also found a 50 percent reduction in mortality in those patients treated with progesterone. Even though this was a small pilot study, we found signs that progesterone improved functional outcomes and reduced disability in patients with moderate brain injury. "By expanding our test sites to 17 major trauma centers across 15 states and enrolling more than 1,000 patients, we hope to confirm these preliminary findings and determine if progesterone benefits victims of acute traumatic brain injury," says Wright. Progesterone common in males and females Progesterone is naturally present in small but measurable amounts in the brains of males and females. Human brain tissue is loaded with progesterone receptors. Laboratory studies suggest that progesterone is critical for the normal development of neurons in the brain and exerts protective effects on damaged brain tissue. Donald G. Stein, PhD, Asa G. Candler Professor of Emergency Medicine, Emory School of Medicine, and director of Emory's Department of Emergency Medicine Brain Research Laboratory, pioneered discoveries regarding the effect of progesterone following traumatic brain injury - first discovering the neuro-protective properties of progesterone in the laboratory more than 25 years ago. "The results that we are now seeing, and hope to continue validating, are an incredible and gratifying reward for more than 25 years of concentrated research," says Stein. "My work first started when I began to notice evidence that women tended to respond to treatment and recover better than men after suffering from brain injury and stroke. Many people do not realize that it's not just a female hormone; both men and women produce progesterone directly in the brain, as well as other tissue. "Ultimately, we learned that progesterone basically does in brain injuries what it also does during fetal development - protect cells and tissue," says Stein. "To now witness the translation of this laboratory research into a treatment that may have life-saving benefits is breathtaking." Source: A Hormonal Remedy for Brain Injuries is Explored --The New York Times -- June 21, 2012 Atlanta To Serve as National Epicenter for Promising Phase III Brain Injury Treatment Trial - Emory University Photo courtesy of (c) 2008 Eddy Grady@creativecommons.com Questions/comments? contact Jean Rickerson at jean@SportsConcussions.org

Concern over longevity issues stemming from a string of injuries including back-to-back concussions, may have contributed to Chris Owusu's omission from the first seven rounds of the NFL draft this weekend. But Stanford's talented receiver, who turned in one of the fastest times in the 40-yard dash at the NFL Combine in February and was considered a possible top 100 prospect during his senior year, was signed by the San Francisco 49ers shortly after the draft concluded on Saturday. Owusu, one of Andrew Luck's go-to receivers missed the end of his senior season including two Bowl games after suffering two concussions in three weeks, his third in a little more than a year. Admitting to frustration because his symptoms cleared rapidly after each injury, he was not authorized by Cardinal physicians to return. Considered a third-round talent, Sports Illustrated's Jim Trotter spoke to several general managers about Owusu. "He's off our board," says one general manager. "He was from the start. It wouldn't matter if he was RG3, he'd still be off our board. With that kind of history it's not worth the risk of him being seriously injured, especially with all the attention you're going to receive. If you draft him you're going to be under the microscope the whole time. Every time he gets hit it's going to be magnified tenfold." For the 49ers, Owusu was too good to pass up. "Chris wasn't wiped off our board," 49ers general manager Trent Baalke said Saturday when he met the media at the conclusion of the draft. "You've got to remember, he was cleared to play by the same group of doctors that work with us on a regular basis. He certainly was not off our board," according to NBC SportsGroup. Owusu was taking part in a Stanford School of Medicine research project when he suffered at least one of his concussions. Researchers recorded impact data from players wearing high-tech mouthguards in an effort to gain a better understanding of the forces that cause the injury. Source: Read more: https://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/2012/writers/jim_trotter/04/25/draft.concussions/index.html#ixzz1tSyGvhE8 Questions/comments? contact Jean Rickerson at Jean@SportsConcussions.org Photo: (c) Maveric2003@creativecommons

SportsConcussions.org Named One of Constant Contact’s 2011 All Stars SportsConcussions.org recognized for achieving exemplary marketing results SEQUIM, Wash. — April 4, 2012 – SportsConcussions.org, a non-profit concussion education organization, has received the 2011 All Star Award from Constant Contact®, Inc., the trusted marketing advisor to more than half a million small organizations worldwide. Each year, a select group of Constant Contact customers are honored with the All Star Award for their exemplary marketing results. SportsConcussions.org’s results ranked among the top 10% of Constant Contact’s customer base. “We’re pleased to be recognized by Constant Contact for achieving strong marketing results, said Jean Rickerson, CEO and Founder of SportsConcussions.org. “Constant Contact’s tools have helped us reach a large audience with the all-important message regarding sports-related concussions in a very efficient way. We look forward to increasing our communication efforts even more in the coming year, to help protect more athletes. We are very grateful to all of our customers who follow us on our website, on social media and through our weekly newsletter. Our goal is to provide them with ideas and resources so they can protect athletes in their local communities.” Constant Contact looked at the following criteria to select this year’s All Stars: · Frequency of campaigns, events, and surveys · Open, bounce, and click-through rates · Event registration rates · Survey completion rates · Use of social features · Use of mailing list sign-up tools “There is nothing we like more than to see our customers finding success. It’s the reason Constant Contact was founded, and it’s a thrill to see the fantastic results that our All Stars are achieving,” said Gail Goodman, CEO of Constant Contact. “This group is really leading the charge when it comes to delivering relevant, engaging content that drives real business results. We salute this year’s All Stars for their success, and are honored to have played a part in their achievements.” About SportsConcussions.orgSportsConcussions.org is a non-profit organization dedicated to raising awareness about sports-related concussions. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) up to 3.8 million people suffer from a recreation- or –sport related concussion each year. SportsConcussions.org is anchored by a website that is update daily, featuring news, ideas and resources for school districts, leagues, coaches, parents and athletes. The organization also holds community workshops and conferences, and establishes baseline testing programs. About Constant Contact, Inc. Constant Contact is revolutionizing the success formula for small organizations through affordable, easy-to-use Engagement MarketingTM tools that help create and grow customer relationships. More than half a million small businesses, nonprofits, and associations worldwide rely on Constant Contact to drive ongoing customer dialogs through email marketing, social media marketing, event marketing, and online surveys. All Constant Contact products come with unrivaled KnowHow, education, and free coaching with a personal touch, including award-winning customer support.

ANN ARBOR -- A grant from the NCAA will kick off a groundbreaking, long-term study of concussion and other head injuries among athletes, led by University of Michigan researchers and their colleagues around the country. The NCAA will provide $400,000 to begin to fund a longitudinal study by the National Sport Concussion Outcomes Study Consortium, a new group that includes three founding members from the University of Michigan: Jeffrey Kutcher, M.D., associate professor of neurology; James T. Eckner, M.D., assistant professor in physical medicine and rehabilitation; and Steven Broglio, Ph.D., assistant professor of kinesiology. With the NCAA grant, the Consortium will study more than 1,000 male and female college athletes who compete in 11 sports at three schools. Researchers hope to track those athletes throughout their lifetime to monitor long-term effects of head injuries.But the Consortium has even bigger plans. Kutcher says the group is seeking funding to expand the effort and begin enrolling athletes as early as high school, then follow them through college and even into professional careers. "We're hoping this could become a Framingham heart study for sports concussion," says Kutcher, referring to the study that began in 1948 with more than 5,000 people and has led to the identification of major cardiovascular disease risk factors."This study will be essential to improving our understanding of the risk to brain health for those who play sports. There is no data like this, it's groundbreaking. It will define the landscape." Kutcher and the U-M faculty founded the Consortium with Kevin Guskiewicz, Ph.D., chair of the Department of Exercise and Sport Science at the University of North Carolina; Chris Giza, M.D., of the Department of Neurology at UCLA; and Michael McCrea, Ph.D., professor of neurosurgery and neurology and director of brain injury research at the Medical College of Wisconsin. "There's a tremendous need for data that describe both the short and long-term health consequences of concussions," says Kutcher, who also is director of the Michigan Neurosport Concussion Program at U-M. "There are some hints, and a series of case reports in the literature, but no well-controlled study that addresses the long-term questions. To do that study, and do it correctly, requires following a population of athletes over time and documenting their brain function, while controlling for other variables." David Klossner, the NCAA's director of health and safety, said supporting the consortium's study will aid efforts to promote a safe competitive environment. "The NCAA is seeking to foster innovative research among its member universities to increase knowledge about the short-term and long-term neurological consequences of playing sports," Klossner said. "In addition to monitoring trends in concussions through the Association's injury-surveillance system, this research is another important step to enhance student-athlete safety." In this first phase of the study, the Consortium researchers will study athletes in contact sports in men's football, soccer, basketball, ice hockey, and lacrosse; women's water polo, soccer, basketball, field hockey, and lacrosse. Non-contact sport participants also will be recruited from the track and field and swimming and diving teams. Kutcher believes the data the study collects will provide a more comprehensive understanding of concussions. The short-term effects have been examined for several years, and technological advancements have helped improve the understanding of impacts on the brain by using shock sensors embedded in players' helmets. "There has been considerable attention paid to concussion recently, by the media and others, spurred by reports of National Football League players, hockey players — people who have had a long history of contact — having a very particular kind of dementing illness," says Kutcher. "But that story is only beginning to be told. We need to do the appropriate research to figure out the scope of the problem." Kutcher also directs the NBA's concussion program, is a consultant to the NHL Players Association and the team neurologist for the University of Michigan Athletic Department. He has been instrumental in crafting the concussion policies of the NCAA, Big Ten and Mid-American Conference. He has testified before U.S. Congress on helmet and equipment safety. For more information and free online courses about recognizing and responding to concussions, go to https://www.michiganneurosport.com/ SOURCE University of Michigan Health System Read more here: https://www.sacbee.com/2012/03/14/4336415/groundbreaking-long-term-study.html#storylink=cpy Photo: Wikimedia Commons

KANSAS CITY, Mo. -- The National Operating Committee on Standards for Athletic Equipment (NOCSAE) issued a warning to athletes and parents of athletes to thoroughly understand the extent of protection provided by – or not provided by – athletic equipment worn while playing sports. This warning follows claims made by several companies that products such as head bands, supplements or mouth guards reduce the incident of concussion. NOCSAE issued the warning at the onset of its summer meeting held this year in Kansas City. NOCSAE is an independent organization with the dual purpose of setting standards for the performance of athletic equipment and funding research necessary to advance the science of sports. Through NOCSAE's independent process, physicians, academic researchers, coaches, trainers and manufacturers come together to establish standards based on accepted science and reliable data. "Parents, athletes and coaches are becoming more informed about concussions, and this increased awareness is vitally important to advancing athlete safety. But it also creates a demand for quick solutions. Unfortunately there are quick solutions offered for sale which have neither scientific nor medical support that validate their claims to prevent or reduce concussions," said Mike Oliver, NOCSAE executive director. "Any device or supplement promoted as being able to prevent, diagnose or cure a concussion must be supported by scientific data and peer-reviewed research. Currently there is no definitive scientific research linking mouth guards, head bands, supplements or other specialty products to a reduction in concussion risk or severity. For companies to suggest otherwise misleads athletes, parents and coaches into a dangerous false sense of protection against concussion. NOCSAE warns athletes and parents of athletes to get the facts about sports equipment and concussion protection and not rely solely on marketing and promotional materials when making equipment decisions." NOCSAE does not maintain any standards for such products, and, therefore, no such products can be claimed as meeting the NOCSAE standards. While protective equipment certified to the NOCSAE standard play an incredibly important role in protecting athletes on the field of play, they should be not the primary approach to protecting against concussion. Learning to avoid unnecessary head impacts, reporting concussion symptoms to a coach or parent and following trained medical management decisions about when a concussed athlete can return to play are far more likely to prevent a concussion or reduce the chance of chronic problems that may be related to untreated concussions. For more information, please visit www.nocsae.org. About NOCSAE NOCSAE, the National Operating Committee on Standards for Athletic Equipment, is an independent and nonprofit standard-setting body with the sole mission to enhance athletic safety through scientific research and the creation of performance standards for protective equipment. Formed in 1969, NOCSAE is a leading force in the effort to improve athletic equipment and, as a result, reduce injuries. NOCSAE efforts include the development of performance and test standards for football helmets and facemasks, baseball and softball batters and catchers helmets, baseballs and softballs, ice hockey helmets, soccer shin guards, lacrosse helmets and facemasks and polo helmets. NOCSAE is comprised of representatives from a number of groups which have an interest in athletic equipment – including manufacturers, reconditioners, athletic trainers, coaches, equipment managers, sports medicine and consumer organizations. These diverse interests have joined forces in an attempt to arrive at a common goal of reducing sports-related injuries. NOCSAE is a nonprofit, charitable organization supported by individuals and organizations with an interest in athletics. SOURCE: National Operating Committee on Standards for Athletic Equipment (NOCSAE) Questions/comments? contact Jean Rickerson at jean@SportsConcussions.org Back to top RELATED LINKShttps://www.nocsae.org Source: PR Newswire (https://s.tt/1ezQW)

Collisions. Headers. Goalpost run-ins. Soccer athletes and fans can't help but wonder which elements contribute most to the frequency of concussions in the sport, particularly among young girls. Researchers have been collecting data in helmeted sports for many years using accelerometers embedded in head gear, but non-helmeted sports have presented obvious challenges. Impact data has provided some of the most critical science in the concussion field. As a result, the forces that players sustain in various contact sports are well-documented and found, in some cases, to be alarming. The latest addition to the data bank was the inclusion of an impact study on 7-and 8-year-old football players and the adult-sized forces they incurred during practices. Now the focus is turning to other sports, including soccer. A new study by researchers at Wayne State University, published in the Journal of the American College of Sports Medicine offers insight into head acceleration in girls' youth soccer (U14) during game play. HITS The Head Impact Telemetry System (HITS) used to measure the force impacts, was utilized in this study. Small accelerometers typically mounted inside helmets, transmit data wirelessly to researchers on the sideline. In this case, soccer headbands with the padding removed were outfitted with the instrumentation. Impacts over 10g, or 10x the force of gravity, were recorded and analyzed at a later time alongside corresponding video footage to determine the nature of the hit. For reference, a sneeze might be 3g, a fighter pilot might "pull" 9g during maneuvers, and high school football players regularly sustain hits ranging from 60-100g and higher, many without reporting concussion symptoms. A total of 24 girls participated in the study, conducted during scrimmages on grass fields. Scrimmages lasted 30 to 65 minutes each. None of the players suffered a concussion during the research. Results There were 47 header impacts and 20 non-header impacts observed during the study. Non-header impacts included collisions with another player, player falls, collisions with goalposts, and unintended collisions with the ball. Researchers found: - majority of non-header impacts (40%) were player-to-player collisions - most headers impacted the front of the head; the peak linear acceleration (force) recorded was 4.5g- greatest header force occurred on the right side of the head and was measured at 62.9g - most head impacts players sustained in one scrimmage was four - side headers resulted in greater forces than back headers - player collisions resulted in the highest number of nonheader impacts and had a maximum force of 56.7g - impacts from player falls measured a maximum force of 23.7g - a goalpost collision measured a maximum of 27.1g Researchers hypothesized that non-header impacts would exceed those from heading the ball, but that was not what the case. Many of the players experienced multiple impacts in a single scrimmage, the cumulative effects of such impacts within a short time frame are unknown. Conclusions Concussions can occur in any sport and amending equipment and making rule changes to decrease the frequency and severity of the injury depends on science. Soccer has emerged as the leading cause of sport-related concussions for young girls and researchers are working to unravel the reasons why. Hypotheses range from less neck strength, to hormonal differences to better reporting by females. Source: Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise: June 2012 - Volume 44 - Issue 6 - p 1102–1108 doi: 10.1249/MSS.0b013e3182444d7d Applied Sciences Questions/comments? contact Jean Rickerson at jean@SportsConcussions.org